Global Cosmopolitan Homogenization And Hetrogenization Cultural Studies Essay

Global Cosmopolitan Homogenization And Hetrogenization Cultural Studies EssayThe empty talk of shrinking spaces and the rise of mass consumer refining argon the often cited characteristics of the globularisation. The outcome of which is a orbicular cosmopolitan macrocosm that is deeply hideconnected, interdependent and where speed of flows (goods, services, people, cracking etc) have ontogenyd thanks to the technological and scientific innovation in the era of globalisation. Before making such a statement, definitional clarification becomes a mustiness between globalization and globalism. Taking Keohane and Nye (2000) definition, globalisation is a condition of increase whereas globalism is a condition that could both increase or decrease. Globalism is a state of the human being involving net departs of interdependence at multicontinental distances (ibid 105). It is a state of world that involves networks of connection and muticontinental distances for such connection to be considered global. globalisation thus refers to the increase of globalism. The increasing flows have taken derriere at all level economic, environmental as well as socio ethnical.Major arguments surrounding globalization has been concerning whether it is a new or an erst piece of music(a) phenomena or just old wine in a new bottle or concerning the homogenization, heterogenization, hybridization of the world due to the increased influence and inter carry through of global processes at all levels. The following paper re slews the major discussion surrounding the latter(prenominal) argument of creation global cosmopolitan purification or whether such flows have maked heterogenization and at what levels. Social globalization discussed here is in context to subtlety. The major thrust of the paper will be the squeeze of globalization on local cultures and its consequences.What is Culture?Culture has been defined by anthropologists as sh bed customs and artefacts that bring abo ut a sense of togetherness. Ethnologists describe culture as transmission of intellectual, emotional and behavioural features through learning and interaction. Sociologists emphasis on identity based on habits and thoughts that is required for membership. (Scruton, Roger, 20071). Despite definitional confusions one feces safely say that culture produces an identity for individuals that be constructed by their language, history, religion and environment. As a result of which internal and external boundaries are created that in elan assign distinctiveness to a culture. Religion is an important aspect of culture when one speaks of cultural authenticity (Murden, Simon, 2008420) it usually refers to sacred totems and religious heads who preach them. sermon in the globalization context, culture in its various human bodys has become an important agent of globalization process. According to Arjun Appudarai there have been five kinds of flows (in Beynon, John and Dunkerley, David (2000 ), Globalization the Reader)Ethno slams referring to the accomplishment of people whether (migrants, refugees, exiles, tourists, workers).Technoscapes increased and faster movement of messages across the globe. This has resulted in a complex relationship between money, political possibilities and availability of both steep and low skilled labour.Financescapes this mainly refers to the flow of capital across borders on a massive scale carried out in split seconds. With such an increase the vulnerability of economies to volatile capital likewise increases.Mediascapes The inescapable influence of media through images and narratives. It can have both positive and negative impact. It could be highly edifying and advanced providing a medium for the subaltern contributions. But at the same time it could be go ford to promote fundamentalist ideas by fanatics, construct and bring choices and elections of consumers by the Multi case corporations.Ideoscapes this mainly refers to flow of ideas and ideologies. Notions of citizenship, democracy, freedom, representation welfare, human rights, equality of opportunity, Privacy of persons and property, sovereignty and patriotism, individual and collective responsibility, the value of rationality and the rational mind. water introduces an other dimension that is sacrispaces that refers mainly to the flow of religious ideas and associated values.The cultural traffic is both ways north to south and a vice a versa. more than thanover the content of traffic varies. The flow of traffic from north to south has been in gigantic proportions mainly comprising of corporate traffic. craftiness liberalisation has facilitated cross border trade, consumptions abroad, commercial-grade comportment and presence of natural persons (Hodge.J, 2001 221). The flow from South to north is more diffused carried virtuallyly by migration. The north to south flow is much more dense and wide in the case from south to north it is more diffuse d and gets acclimatised easily. This two way flow carry symbols of globalization which carry with them substantial bunch of socio cultural premises.Culture as a carrier of globalization has become an important arena of contestation for national, religious and ethnic identity. Although reactions to contemporary globalization are seen in developed world like Japan, Europe where modern values prevail, moreover in Muslim countries that are characterised to be traditional and composition harbour different values of identity and society. In such a scenario Lieber and Weisberg (2002) point out to intense reactions redirected at external targets through forms of transference and scape goating.The major debate of the impact of globalization on culture seems to be between those who consider globalization as enriching and aiding a cultural company in development on one hand and the pessimist view that considers it as an evil that corrupts so called authentic culture. Samuel Huntington in h is writings on the Clash of civilizations states that with the end of the nipping war and its contest of ideologies and as a result of disruptions brought by modernization, urbanization and mass communication, the fundamental source of international conflict will not be primarily ideological but cultural.(pp ibid 3).Cultural resistance to globalization has been mainly in context to rational and scientific notions western sandwich modernity. Two types of impacts come into view economic impact of modernity. The most commonly referred is the consumer culture spread by the MNC through media and entertainment industry. The second impact mainly refers to the western values of reasoning, secularism, religious allowance, democracy, liberty, rule of law, gender equality, human rights etc. Thus there is resistance to such western ideas that challenge religious unscientific traditions that many an(prenominal) communities consider as important identity marker of culture. The Muslim revival o f 1970s, Hindu revivalist RSS, VHP that challenge secular foundation of India. In China the rise of Falun Gong movement inspired by Chinese guru in U.S.A post relaxation of communist totalitarianism. In Russia and Eastern Europe, the revival of orthodox and other christen sects. Murden.Simon 420.Destabilizing Effect contemporaneity = Westernization?Octavio Paz outlines that socioeconomic modernity is the fate of all cultures in that they are integrated at a structural level in the orders of the nation-state system and the global capitalist market but this integration which is structural fait accompli, not a cultural option- alters the terms of culture irrevocably, since it entails a one way agents journey from tradition to modernity. Cultures are condemned to modernity not simply by the structural process of economic development but by the process of self-importance development. The enlightenment project has not resulted in emancipation as seen in the alienation, anomie, and iron cage of instrumental reason. (Tomlinson, John 1991142). Such a reexamine of modernity could appear as a critique of homogenization or equating modernity to capitalist society. Tomlinson rightly argues the magnificence of capitalism in making of modern societies but it is a certain(a) inflection of modernity and not vice versa. He calls for a critical approach that probes the embeddedness of modernitys discontent in a political economic system which at the same time offers attraction over traditional societies.Amratya Sen refutes the very argument that considers liberalism and reasoning as exclusively western .According to him such ideas did exist in the past in non western worlds. The usage of the term western may create anti western sentiments in some societies which are seen in the way of glorifying Asian values and Islamic ideals. For him part of the reason lies in the anticolonial sentiments and the alienation faced that have lingered on for generations. He underlies the hu miliation faced in the form of racialism, slave trade, physical ill-usage that harboured such antiwest sentiments. This defends rise to a colonized mind where there is both admiration and resentment of west. However where the latter dominates it gives rise to needless hostility to many global ideas under the mistaken impression of western ideas, distorted the intellectual and scientific history if the world, the support it has given to rise of fundamentalism and terrorism. (Sen.A 200684-89).Alvin Edgall points defines culture as values, attitudes, beliefs, mindsets, primeval tendencies, worldwide views and orientations that are prevalent in a given society. Giving emphasis on the importance of culture as guide to institutions, as inherent principle of economic activity and as social capital, he cites Tu Wie Ming who discusses alter autochthonal forms of modernities owing to its success to Asian values. This suggests that imported institutions and ideas are filtered and modified b y culture of the native place. Thus questioning the idea of equating modernization and westernization. It becomes important to emphasis here that different communities may identify culture differently and the importance they give to different aspects of cultures as well. In parts of Middle east, South Asia and Africa have resentment against west is due to their problems with modernity of the west that impinges on their identity. In East Asia and Latin the States it is cultural alienation generated by proliferation of American culture that creates a sense of unease. But often it concerns the intellectual elites than general public. (Wieser and Lieberg, 2002)Mendes and Soares (1996) while discussing cultural pluralism, identity in globalization highlight the inappropriateness of communal emphasis as a reactive to globalization, it was besides a way of establishing a sense of identity within the globalization arena.From the above arguments it is clear that none refute the claim of cen tral importance of culture and its fluidity to reshape by both internal as well as external factors.Cultural HomogenizationGlobalization of culture entails two opposite views, it could either be progressive or it could erode local cultures and threatens its existence. When one talks in terms of globalization of culture it mainly refers to the spread of consumer culture fed through technologies and global media houses to the public. David Held (2003) points out to pop music, television, cinema and tourism as principal agents of globalization. A major addition to this category would be the cyber space where blogging has helped create a celestial sphere of public reasoning and discursion. Benyon and Dunkerley point two way dynamism between the global and local, the global impacting the local and vice versa.Riesar and Davis invented the term globalize that was tantamount to universalization. This has get along reinstated neoliberals and hyperglobalists. This has given rise to what is called cultural convergence characterised by global markets, mass media and cyber space that have created homogenized world. The creation of Bretton woods institutions and the United nations have however provided impetus to this project that seek to promote global institution with convergence of ethical and example principles. Another major shift has been the change in the procedure of the state with increasing role of capital forces that have given rise to consumerism. The optimist argument of such homogenization talk interms of cosmopolitan global culture.Held argues that there is zip fastener new about globalization but the current stream of globalization has given rise to a highly networked and organised links in the form of global economy where markets rule the roost but at the same time new regulatory forms of governance have also come into place. In consequence has given rise to a host of global problems concerning issues on environment, economy to sovereignty that has reshaped global politics that today is not only anchored in traditional geopolitical concerns of power, security and trade but larger social and ecological questions(ibid 467).The rising cosmopolitanism of belonging to a single order. In a world where nationalistic aspectings are subsiding while cultural identity is emphasized it is important to accommodate four principles of cosmopolitanismIndividual egalitarianism or individualistic moral egalitarianism where all human beings belong to a single palpablem where each individual is to be treated equally.The principle of reciprocal recognition that seeks tolerance from all individuals belonging to that single ethical realm.The principle of consent that calls an uncoerced political process where free interaction of individuals is possible.Principle of inclusiveness and subsidiarity which calls for giving voice to those who are more affected by public decision making.Although he does recognise the pessimism against globalization but h e also seems to firmly believe in a cosmopolitan accommodative world based on the above mentioned principles. The common overlapping issues over divergent interests help create cosmopolitan governance and social justice.J.AScholte (1996) discusses an intercultural community that transcends the debate between communitarianism and cosmopolitanism. That is based on seven Rs Relaxation, Recognition, Respect, reciprocity, restraint and resistance. All this reveals a very optimist an accommodative view about global cosmopolitanism.The pessimistic view of homogenisation stresses on the devouring of local cultures in the wake of global consumerism and that authenticity resides today only in museums and theatres. Domination of homogenised culture through transnational forces will be the reality. The coca-lization and Americanisation are terms that describe broadly the homogenizing effects of capitalist consumerism. Another major criticism against consumerism is the onset on authentic cultur ethrough creation of false consciousness among people. A notable example in this regard is the commodification of culture through tourism where the local is encase to suit the taste and preferences of western elites. This in a way thwarts indigenous culture.Global Impact on the Local Rise of Consumer Culturethe sum of the processes by which a society is brought into the modern world system and how its ascendant system is attracted, pressured and forced and sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to or even promote, the values, structures of the dominating centre of the system. (Tomlinson, John 1996 103)The irony that globalization creates is quite astounding where water may not be able for far off distances in uncouth India but Coke, Pepsi and packaged food would be readily available at tiny shops.The rise of consumer culture is often linked to spread of capitalism establishing cultural imperialism. This gets further elaborated into, first culture in servi ce of capitalism and secondly cultural critique of capitalism producing a globalised consumer culture by commodifying action and experience. Baudillard argues that the media is not a means of communication as there is no feedback per say. He discusses medias potential in creating a hyper real world such that it absorbs the real within it. It is not true there is no response after the media reception but the nature of output is quite debatable. The problematic area in truth lies in construction and moulding of preferences by the media through its various channels. Media monopoly in this context can be quite dangerous as only half dozen media houses control almost 20-30% of what is globally televised. eg News Corp, Time Warner, Disney, Burtelsmann, Viacom and Vivendi Universal most of which are based in OECD countries. As a result of which there is a limited band of choices and choices are imposed. in that respect is no doubt regarding the extent of media influence but it must also be noted that when alternative viewpoints are not allowed a voice media very often becomes a device for such voices to be heard.Tomlinson in his arguments of cultural imperialism argues that there needs to be a distinction made between creating conditions for spread of capitalism and viewing it as a socio economic system (as a product of capitalist spread). This reductionist critique suffers from economic explanation rather than explaining cultural experiences. Secondly it falsely assumes that people are ideologically manipuable and capitalism relies on ideological manipulation of people. Furthering the critical opening argument suggests consumerism to be treated as a part of a wider structural context of capitalist modernity. Structural differentiation referring to the separation of domestic and work sphere. This inturn creates structurally imposed needs (ibid 132). These needs may not be real needs but imposed on them by the conditions in which they live. They also create clash of interest between differentiated roles and interest. In such conditions recognition of autonomous individual needs and desires becomes difficult.Moreover the depth and extent of impact of consumer capitalism of the west is questionable. Howes also argues that treating human beings as passive recipients is highly problematic. Although there is no denial that local cultures are subject to western influences, however this westerness may be modified to suit their own needs. The use of term globalization as westernization and universalization have become redundant (Scholte.J, 2000) and that globalization should be tacit more interms of deterritorialization or rise of supraterritorial linkages that are continuously influencing social space. This does not imply an end to territoriality, however there is move from three dimensional geography (latitude, longitude and altitude to four dimensional spaces to include globality that increasingly changes the map of social relations. (ibid). Thi s brings us to the argument of heterogenization and hybridization.Heterogenization and HybridisationCultural globalization must be tacit as faster movement of both tangible and intangible in a deeply interconnected and interdependent world. Although one cannot deny the increasing presence and spread of homogenizing symbols, there has been also resurgence in protecting and maintaining distinctiveness on one hand at the same time cross cultural interaction has resulted in what is commonly used as hybridisation of cultures and reproduction of new cultures.Tomlinson argues that the mere presence of western commodities does not imply that the local cultures and national cultural identities will be eroded. Instead there might be a reassertion of such forces. Indeed there is no contention on the global presence of such consumerist cultural symbols (that are considered as agents of homogenization) but these symbols are being increasingly being modified to suit the native needs.Peter capital of Mississippi argues that globalization is a site of contestation than an established fact. By drawing examples from China and South Africa, he emphasizes that producers are more and more modifying their products to suit native taste and preferences. In China post the Open Door Policy of 1970s Cadbury had to adopt Chinese way of doing business and products were given local call with decreased quantities of sugar and increased quantities of cocoa content. In the presence of Indianized version of Pizza-paneer salsa and chiken tikka as well as introduction of Chilli and Garlic sauce to Mc Donald. All these examples are evidence of resiliency of local cultures to the transnational products. From the above it is clear that it is not only the global but local that impacts. It can be said that the local coexists with the global resulting in hybridisation or heterogeneous voices of dissent. In a way globalization has encouraged reassertion of indigenous identities and what is also calle d new social movements. Eg global tourism has intensified Hawaiian sensibilities, global deforestation has triggered indigenous activism in Amazonia, the activation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) resulted in armed rebellion in Mexicos Chiapas State (Scholte,Jan Aart 1996 578). In India the increasing social unrest against development induced displacements triggered by the proliferation of Multinational projects in the tribal belts. Expanding supraterritoriality has also been linked to increasing secessionist movements in the form of ethnic revivals by communities who were previously under a larger nation state. Eg the case of reason Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. This reveals that such collective identities are becoming more and more conscious of their distinction.Reactions of ethnic identities against globalization world mainly spread of global capitalism, bleached global governance agendas and on global environmental issues has also emerged. Apa rt from this detteritorialization has also resulted in assertion of identities that may not be connected to a particular place and a common issue that cuts across borders binds them. For example women movements, movements against racism, gays and lesbian movements, against human rights atrocities. Scholte gives an excellent classification of supraterritorial identities based on race, gender, class and youth. There has been loosening of nationalist identity as a product of modern territorial states on one hand and rise of supraterritorial nationalism. Globalization and the technological dispersal accompanied have resulted in strengthening ties between dispersed immigrants. The nationality principle may be reasserted on a global platform through use of media, efforts are being made to revitalize native languages etc. At a more individual level Scholte talks about fragmentation of the self and the production of multiple identities and often get lost in a multiple categorizations of ge nder, class, race, orientation, religion etc that have become even more sharper. Kinvall (2004) borrowing from Anthony Giddensattempts to give psychological explanations to the phenomena of supraterritorial nationalism or voices of decent in an alien nation. Ontological security referring to persons fundamental sense of safety in the world and includes a rudimentary trust of other people and existential anxiety that is Protection against future threat and dangers which allows individuals to sustain hope and courage in the face of whatever drain circumstances she or he might later confront.(ibid 746). In this sense migration is viewed as a sense of psychological process where the migrant may savour insecure and feel a sense of homelessness. Social constructivist theories emphasize on the linguistic and narrative construction of identity which has been criticised by Kinvall as being uneffective to explain meaning of fluid identities. There is also mention of the thick signifier ap proach that probes how individuals define themselves in relation to others according to their structural bloc of power(ibid) thus there in advent of heightened ontological insecurity people seek a stable identity.This can be seen in the increased efforts to create a home like environment in a place that one may not belong natively. Eg establishment of religious places of worship where the community gathering can take place and recreate rituals of home country in foreign land by celebrating of cultural festivals. Self categorization and other social identity theories attempt to explain own groups in relation to others as well as understanding self at different levels (individual, intergroup and inter species). Despite limitations a common thread running through all these theories is an attempt to explain how people form associations, try to replicate their native conditions to feel a sense of belongingness in an environment of heightened insecurity. In such conditions nationalism an d religion become influential in offering save havens against such insecurities.both national and religious identity make claims to a monolithic and abstract identity that is, one stable identity that answers to the need of securitized subjectivity KinvallThere needs to be a distinction made between religion as a cultural experience and religion as a fundamentalist way. It is the latter form that reveals the uglier side of cultural preservation where violence becomes a defence mechanism. What we appear to be witnessing is a deprivation of religion, global desecularization of the world with an increase in anti-secular movements and discourses disenchanted with the project of modernity and insistence on the political potential and public role religious beliefs and practices.(Karner and Alridge, 2004). Revival of protestant Christianity in Latin America and parts of Sub Saharan Africa. There have been studies conducted to show that participation in religious fundamentalism and spread of religion is quite substantial among downtrodden and unemployed youth. fundamentalist edge of religion is further sharpened when politics enters. Eg the Islamic revolution in Iran, rise of hindutva in Indian politics. The homogenising effect of consumerism is proved wrong by the reaffirmation of religion based identities where religion becomes a potent weapon that threatens to deststabilize tolerance. The global chaos theorist argues the same stating that convergence of values and imposition that are unwelcomed that results might take the form of violence. (Dutceac, Anamaria, 2004 3)Leiser and Weidberg talk about culture as an arena of contestation within three overlapping popular, folk and high culture. frequent culture dominated by the so called American music, movies, fashion, music. Folk culture being destroyed to suit the foreign needs and preferences and high culture (culture associated with elites) with expression found in museums, international festivals, internet etc. (i bid 283). Each of these become sights of contestations between different cultures. This cultural backlash varies from place to place. In developed societies reactions to Americanisation is seen more interms of policy responses. Eg France, Italy and Spain have tried to control the amount of American imports in films by imposition of tariffs. China and North Korea on western images and goods. The reaction is worsened in Muslim countries where backlash takes violent forms intrusion of western influences and crisis of traditional societies in the wake of socio-ecomic changes. The terrorist attacks are examples in this regard. The west inturn defends itself by blaming inherent pain in the ass within such societies. It has become too useful a smokescreen for Muslim nations many deficits? Their corruption, their incompetence, their oppression of their citizens, their economic, scientific and cultural stagnation. America-hating has become a badge of identity, making it possible a chest bea ting, flag burning rhetoric of word and deed that makes men feel good. It contains a strong streak of hypocrisy, hating most what it desires most, and elements of self loathing. (We hate America because it has made of identity disregard and self what we cannot make of our selves). What America is accused of? Close mindedness, stereotyping, ignorance? Is also what its accusers would see if they looked into a reverberate? -Salman RushdieA .Sen. (2006) explains the distinction between multiculturalism and plural monoculturalism. Multiculturalism implies coexistence with interaction whereas plural monoculturalism implies coexistence without interaction. It is the latter that may fan hostilities between communities. However multiculturalism must encourage diversity and at the same time provide freedom of choice and decision making, it must not be coerced.ConclusionThere has indeed been an increase interaction and increase of networks that characterizes contemporary form of globalizatio n however that should not be mistaken for increased homogenization or westernization or Americanisation There is no contention on the flow of goods and availability of western goods and services in foreign lands but that does not imply moving in the direction of sameness. Local cultures develop resilience mechanism however crude in form they may be. The very fact that western goods are marketed keeping in mind the taste and preference of natives is a proof that homogenisation is not a norm. Escobar rightly exclaims that when a border is eliminated it reappears somewhere else. (Culture sits in its place. He further two subaltern strategies place based that are attached to territory and culture and glocal strategies that utilises global networks. In sum a case can be made for hybridisation of culture or what is termed as creolization where new meanings are assigned to imported culture. A straight jacketed theory of placing individuals into one category or assuming them to be self inte rested individuals would be too reductionist view. Individuals have multiple roles to play and it is important therefore to examine ways by which communities try to hang on to their cultures even when they are part of translocal networks.

Laboratory Report on Aldehydes and Ketones

Laboratory Report on Aldehydes and KetonesMark Norly L. TundagI. OBJECTIVESAt the end of the experiment, the students are able to identify the structural conclave present in aldehydes and ketones, withal on determining their physical and chemic properties and to perform chemical test to distinguish one from the other.II. MATERIAL and utensilThe experiment used a bunsen burner, vials, 100 ml beaker, test tube holder, vial brush, clay flame shield, wire gauze, ethanal1, benzaldehyde2, acetone3, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine4, ammoniacal silver process solution (Ag((NH)3)2)NO3, Fehlings a and b, 6m sulfuric acid H2SO4, actually dilute potassium permanganate KMnO4, distilled piddle H2O and Schiffs reagent5.III. PROCEDURE and OBSERVATIONSThe test for the physical characteristics of the carbonyl compounds namely the acetaldehyde (an aliphatic aldehyde), the benzaldehyde (an aromatic aldehyde), and acetone (a ketone) was the first to be investigated. Four drops of each of the carbon yl compounds were meld with 2 ml of water in one-third interrupt vials. Only the aromatic aldehyde did not form a homogeneous mixture it formed two layers instead, wherein benzaldehyde at settled at the bottom.B1.The reaction surrounded by the carbonyl compounds and the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine was performed and the shine was identified. After taking quintuplet drops from each of the carbonyl compounds that were placed again in three separate vials, yellow-orange precipitate that readily formed was seen subsequently adding into each of the vials another 5 drops of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine.2. The reaction of the carbonyl compounds with the Tollens reagent was performed next. Only with the aldehydes did a silver mirror on the sides of the vials were observed to exist when the carbonyl compounds mixed with Tollens reagent in three separate vials were heated for ten minutes. A black stain was only seen on the ketone vial with the reagent.3. The result of the carbonyl comp ounds with the Fehlings test was determined. From blue, the only compound that changed its color to green was the aliphatic aldehyde when the mixture of five drops of fehlings a and b with five drops of each of the carbonyl compounds in three separate vials were placed on the water bath. The remaining carbonyl compounds had no observable changes happened.4. The reaction of potassium permanganate to the carbonyl compounds was observed and the organic products identified. Brown precipitate was formed on both the aliphatic and aromatic aldehyde but not on the ketone, when five drops of the carbonyl compounds was added to the mixture of the five drops pink colored potassium permanganate acidified with 2 drops of 6M sulfuric acid placed into three different vials.5. The result of the Schiffs test with the carbonyl compounds was described and interpreted. Only the aldehydes were a changed of color occurred when five drops of the Schiffs reagent was placed in the three separate vials conta ining the carbonyl compounds. From cloudy white solution of acetaldehyde to lavender and yellowish solution of benzaldehyde to a neutral solution with pinkish globule that settled at the bottom of the vial.IV. CONCLUSIONAldehydes and Ketones are collectively called as carbonyl compounds, referring to their carbonyl C=O useable group that affects their solubility rendering it relatively higher because of the molecules ability to hydrogen bond with water but it is also dependent to the molecular smokestack and the number of carbon present on the nonpolar R group, if the R group is strong enough to cancel out the hydrogen bonding of the functional group with water it will make the entire compound insoluble. Benzaldehyde, for example is insoluble because of the front man of the benzene ring that is nonpolar in nature.To investigate the chemical properties of carbonyl compounds and to differentiate one from the other some reagents were used in the experiment 2,4-dinitrophenylhydroz ine for example gives off a yellow orange precipitate when it detects the figurehead of the carbonyl functional group in a solution, the aliphatic aldehyde reacted to the reagent forming acetaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozone1, the aromatic aldehyde reacted to the reagent forming benzaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozone2, the ketone reacted to the reagent forming acetone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozone3. Tollens that contain ammoniacal silver nitrate on the other hand, differentiates aldehyde from a ketone considering the fact that silver mirror on both the vials were formed due to the reduction of the oxidizing agent forming Ag+, only aldehydes can undergo oxidation because of the presence of an oxidizable hydrogen on their structure in which case ketones dont claim. The resulting organic product of the oxidation of aldehydes is carboxylic acid. This result can also be duplicated using another oxidizing agent that is KMnO4 in an acidic medium giving off brick red precipitate (the oxid izing agent that is reduced) and the corresponding carboxylic acid, evidently still in this reaction there will be no change to be expected with the ketone. The strength of the oxidizing agents can also have a great impact to an impending reaction because if a weak oxidizing agent is used only the aliphatic aldehyde can react, this is evidently observed in the experiment using the Fehlings test. The reagents contain copper sulfate in five moles of water with two drops of sulfuric acid and potassium tartrate sodium hydroxide that allowed the physical composition of the carboxylic acid CH3COOH and the precipitate that is brick red, the Cu2O. Although, the stated reactions above can be handful enough evidence to differ an aldehyde and a ketone there is also the Schiffs test to add the list, the ketone wont still react and the change in color is still on the side of the aldehydes , this ranges from lavender to pink. The more I have journeyed through these experiments, the more I came to be amaze with the organic compounds I once just often paid less attention to other than the relief room while reading the labels and ingredients at the back of the shampoos and soaps and conditioners I used. Chemistry, my first love.V. THEORITICAL BACKGROUNDAn aldehyde contains at least one hydrogen attached to the C of a C=O (carbonyl group). A ketone contains two alkyl groups attached to the C of the carbonyl group. The carbon in the carbonyl is sp2 hybridized, has a bond angle of 120o, and is symmetrical planar. Aldehydes and ketones have dipole-dipole attractions between molecules, and no hydrogen bonding between molecules. These compounds can hydrogen bond with compounds have O-H or N-H bonds. The melting points and boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are between alkanes and alcohols.The slightly positive carbon fragment in the carbonyl group can be attacked by nucleophiles. A nucleophile is a negatively charged ion (for example, a cyanide ion, CN), or a slightly neg atively charged part of a molecule (for example, the lone pair on a nitrogen atom in ammonia, NH3). During a reaction, the carbon-oxygen double bond gets broken. The net effect of all this is that the carbonyl group undergoes addition reactions, often followed by the loss of a water molecule. This gives a reaction known as addition-elimination or condensation. An aldehyde differs from a ketone by having a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. For example, ethanal, CH3CHO, is very easily oxidized to either ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, or ethanoate ions, CH3COO-. Ketones dont have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by potent oxidizing agents which have the ability to break carbon-carbon bonds.REFERENCEStroker, Stephen H., Exploring General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Cenage Learning, 2010

Jamaican Artists and Producers :: Essays Papers

Jamaican Artists and Producers Music has been a dominant source of change in our society, throughout the human beings, and spanning the generations. It is a source of change, expression, culture, symbolism, and in Jamaican music, particularly reggae, it can even be a silent, peaceful revolution. There are various ideas of what reggae is, or what it does, which will be a main concentration. The music of Jamaica is a changing structure as well, from mento to ska to rocksteady to reggae to dub. Dozens of people are responsible for the spread of the hot music of the Caribbean is nation known as Jamaica. There are the big producers, such as Dodd, Reid, Buster, and there are others like Perry, Blackwell, Higgs, and Gibbs. Without them the music of Jamaica would have been contained there, and never would the world have learned in quite the same personal way about the vast unhappiness and oppression of the majority of Jamaican society. Artists like jemmy Cliff, Toots, U Roy, Winston Rodne y, and especially Bob Marley have created a significant part of the culture of Jamaica through their lyrics of angst and frustration at their political and economical situation. Because music is withal an industry of ever-changing circumstance, the lineage has proven to be much harder to trace and follow than previously expected.A fitting statement was made by a reggae musician concerning the mystery of the island and its musicJamaica fragment of bomb-blast, catastrophe of geological history (volcano, middle passage, slavery, plantation, colony, neo-colony) has somehow miraculously-some say triumphantly-survived. How we did this is still a mystery and perhaps it should persevere so. But at least we can say this that the secret and expression of that survival lies glittering and vibrating in our music.(Edward Kamau Brathwaite, reggae artist)The music of Jamaica began five centuries ago, when Columbus colonized the land of the Arawak Indians. This dates the start of oppression in th is small island in the Caribbean. After the Spanish came the English, both extremely ethnocentric groups when dealing withinferiors, orminorities. Blacks were brought in as slaves, and although Jamaica has had its independence since 1963, the tension of authority and control still reigns menacingly. Jamaica is a story of injustice, international influence, ineffective governing, and unequal distribution of wealth all of these elements provide a unharmed base for the theme of oppression and the need for a revolution and redemption in

The Collar :: essays papers

The CollarGeorge Herbert was born on April 3, 1593 at Montgomery Castle, thefifth son of an noble-minded Welsh family. Herberts religious beliefscaused him to be an active opponent of the puritans and the Calvinists.Herbert became the cannon of Lincoln Cathedral and in 1630 he took holyorders. During the years Herbert spent at Bemerton he worked on acollection of verses known as The Temple. Upon his death theypublished the manuscript. The song The Collar is a complaint voicedby person embittered against the constraints that seize him. Impatientwith the human condition, the writer resolves to break free. My linesand life are free, free as the road, / Loose as the wind, as large asstore he insists. The accompanying gesture, I struck the board andcried, No more is a dramatic, and boastful act. The tone of theselines is recognized as an exaggeration. The writer is impatient withthe need to recognize ones dependence and to accept ones need toworship and serve God. The poem as a whole is about blowing offsteam. Herbert develops two quite vivid major images to have thepoems theme. The images of restraints such as collars / cages /cable / ropesuggests something stiff and restrictive, but not injureful, same(p) a noose or shackles. The title of the poem, The Collar, anarticle of clothing a man wears when he must be at his best. The wordCollar also refers to the white band worn by the clergy, and it isthe role of priest the poem alludes to. This collar symbolizes thepriests role as servant. The writer chafes at being in suit. Theimage has at least a double meaning. The word suit refers to theclerical suit and connotatively to the attendance required of avassal at his lords court. Forsake thy cage, / Thy rope of sands.The word cage suggests a contraption for animals. The purpose is notto harm but merely to restrict movement, and keep from harm. Thisprevents the creature from getting hurt by its impulses and curiosityabout what lies beyond the confin es. This imagery of restraintssuggests the writer of being in an animalistic state. This animalisticcondition is clear when as I raved and grew more fierce and wild/ Atevery word. The writer is getting himself worked up. He isunreasoning, like an animal. Even the text, seems to bark What?Shall I ever sigh and pine?

Baldwin Blames Mistreatment of Black Veterans for Increasing Racial Unr

Baldwin Blames Mistreatment of Black Veterans for Increasing Racial Unrest Building a case against racial injustice, Baldwin describes how numerous blacks joined the U.S. military and were sent to fight in Europe during World War II, although the battles they returned to at home were sometimes worse than the contend itself. In ? cut back at the Cross,? Baldwin zeroes in on the discrimination against black veterans as the final blow causing umpteen of them to hate their proclaim uncouth and become hawkish against whites. Historical accounts generally support his argument, even though Baldwin doesn?t speak to a few important points that differ from his personalized perspectives on this issue. Overall, Baldwin builds a well-set case for the need for social diverge in America to wipe out this type of racial outrage, especially in the case of black war veterans. Baldwin contends that ?a certain hope died? when black veterans were greeted with contempt by w hites when they returned from the war instead of the praise and thanks that they deserved (Baldwin 317). From his observations, this was a wound that had been festering for many years and it was something that had been eating at the heart and soul of the black population since the end of World War II. This was such a terrible insult to blacks that it added burn down to the rage that was growing all across the country, and Baldwin explains that blacks finally felt they had taken too much abuse and that things were going to change ? one way or the other. To summarize his argument, Baldwin reasons it out that if a person is willing to risk his or her life for their country, the very least they should expect is for their country to treat them with the respect they rich person earned and not as se... ...ry. Baldwin?s essay is, on the whole, true to the facts and feelings in America at that particular hitch in time as black veterans returned home to face a new battle against racial di scrimination in their homeland.Works CitedBaldwin, James. ?Down at the Cross.? 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. ToniMorrison. tender York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.Fournier, Winston C. ?Desegregated Jobs.? The Wall Street Journal 3 April 1956 1, 10.Huachuca Illustrated, Vol. 2 Web Page (1996). Retrieved March 2, 2004 from http//www.lib.byu.edu/rdh/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI2-09.htm27.Lee, Ulysses. (1966). The Employment of blackness Troops. Washington, DC U.S. Government picture Office.Murphy, Carl. (1944). This Is Our War. Atlanta Daily World, pp. 5-12.Wynn, Mike. ?We Were There.? The Augusta Chronicle 2 September 2001 1-14. Baldwin Blames Mistreatment of Black Veterans for Increasing Racial Unr Baldwin Blames Mistreatment of Black Veterans for Increasing Racial Unrest Building a case against racial injustice, Baldwin describes how many blacks joined the U.S. military and were sent to fight in Europe during World War II, althoug h the battles they returned to at home were sometimes worse than the war itself. In ?Down at the Cross,? Baldwin zeroes in on the discrimination against black veterans as the final blow causing many of them to hate their own country and become militant against whites. Historical accounts generally support his argument, even though Baldwin doesn?t speak to a few important points that differ from his personal perspectives on this issue. Overall, Baldwin builds a strong case for the need for social change in America to wipe out this type of racial outrage, especially in the case of black war veterans. Baldwin contends that ?a certain hope died? when black veterans were greeted with contempt by whites when they returned from the war instead of the praise and thanks that they deserved (Baldwin 317). From his observations, this was a wound that had been festering for many years and it was something that had been eating at the heart and soul of the black population since the end of World War II. This was such a terrible insult to blacks that it added fuel to the rage that was growing all across the country, and Baldwin explains that blacks finally felt they had taken too much abuse and that things were going to change ? one way or the other. To summarize his argument, Baldwin reasons it out that if a person is willing to risk his or her life for their country, the very least they should expect is for their country to treat them with the respect they have earned and not as se... ...ry. Baldwin?s essay is, on the whole, true to the facts and feelings in America at that particular period in time as black veterans returned home to face a new battle against racial discrimination in their homeland.Works CitedBaldwin, James. ?Down at the Cross.? 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. ToniMorrison. New York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.Fournier, Winston C. ?Desegregated Jobs.? The Wall Street Journal 3 April 1956 1, 10.Huachuca Illustrated, Vol. 2 Web Page (1996). Retrieved March 2, 2004 from http//www.lib.byu.edu/rdh/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI2-09.htm27.Lee, Ulysses. (1966). The Employment of Negro Troops. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office.Murphy, Carl. (1944). This Is Our War. Atlanta Daily World, pp. 5-12.Wynn, Mike. ?We Were There.? The Augusta Chronicle 2 September 2001 1-14.

Essay --

1.0Definition of jinnIn Arabic language the word of jinn refer to something that is concealed and keep fall out of sight. Ibn Aqeel said The jinn are so called because they conceal themselves from peoples sight, because the jinn can not be shapen by human beings with their own eyes. Al-Jawhir said al-Jaan is the find of the jinn, the plural of which is Jeenaan. It says in al-Qaamoos al-Muheet. Jinn al-Layl inwardness the darkness of the night so called because jinn love to roam at night. Al-Jaan is a plural al-Jinn. (Umar, 2005)It says in Lisannul- Arab Janana means to cover. Everything that is concealed from you is junna Anka (conceal from you). Jannahu al-Layl means the night covered him. The jinn so called because they are hidden from view. (Nasiruddin, 2005). Jinn are one of the characters of life that cannot be seen by human. The nature is there and just like their lives as human like placement, lifestyle, and there are also spirits of his own government consisting of the ki ng and the people for example such a government in a settlement in the Bermuda triangle. (Isa, 1999).This event proved to, the most famous US Navy losses which have occurred at the area famously hold out as the Bermuda Triangle are USS Cyclops in March. The ship probably sank in an unexpected storm, and traces of them have never been found. This event indicates that there is another nature that is unknown to the human world of the jinn. In addition, this event can be proved from the Holy Quran that Allah said Verily, he the Shaytaan and Qabeeluhu his soldiers from the jinn or his tribe see you from where you cannot see them. (Al-Araf27)1.1Origin of jinnJinn are other kind of creations of Allah. Like angels, the jinns appearance also diffe... ...d the rumors that Muslims take the wrong path and treatment to cure these diseases such as asking help from the shaman, wearing amulet and many more treatment that against the syariah of Islam. Based on these situations, this research will lead people to get to know about the reality of jinn, their types and the abilities and weakness of jinn. When Muslim peoples know about their reality, peoples will be cautions from take the jinn as their protector instead asking protection from Allah. Allah saysYet, they plug in the jinns as partners in worship with Allah, though He has created them (the jinns), and they attribute falsely without knowledge sons and daughters to Him. Be He Glorified and Exalted above (all) that they attribute to Him.(al-Anam100)So, Muslims have beware from deception of Satan and not treat them as a medium of our relationship with Allah SWT

Summary of the Film Hero :: essays research papers

The Film, friendIn the Oxford Dictionary, Favorite is described as something or someone that you same, In this matter that something is the film called milling machinery. Roughly based on an assassination attempt of Chinas first emperor Chin Shi Huang Di, the motion picture Hero discusses the life of a ancient warrior. The story describes the journey of a sword master who was determined to slay the king of the province Qin, the future emperor of linked China. With the help of three assassins whos goal in life was thedeath of the Qin King, the nameless warrior gets a chance to crush thefuture emperor China. This film consists of galore(postnominal) twists and turns making it very exiting and unpredictable. This movie was a combination of calm and spectacular battle scenes which gives you the need to be one of the characters from the flick.The amazing actions scenes just leap show up of the screen and the film is stillable to touch your heart. In every second of this film, yo u can feel itspowerful emotions, which gets you so caught up in the world of the movie,you hate to the return to present day world. This film dazzles its viewers by its vivid colours and the whole movie is a video in motion. My favorite scene of Hero was the amazing but aggressive action scenes and also the deep drama it created. The plot of the movie was incredible. Though Hero was a spectacular film there were some things that I did not enjoy like, the film was much too serious and I did not like the factor that most of the movie was in flash backs.From intense action scenes to emotional drama, I think this film can